| What you own | Shares in your demat | Units in a pooled scheme | Shares in your own demat | Units in a pooled fund |
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| Minimum | No minimum | From a few hundred rupees | ₹50 lakh | ₹1 crore |
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| Regulation | — | SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 | SEBI (Portfolio Managers) Regulations, 2020 | SEBI (AIF) Regulations, 2012 |
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| Who decides | You | Fund manager, within a defined scheme mandate | Portfolio manager, on a mandate you agree | Fund manager, per the fund's stated strategy |
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| Concentration | Entirely your choice | Constrained by regulatory single-stock and sector caps | Few regulatory caps — genuinely concentrated books are possible | Concentrated by design; Category III may also use leverage |
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| Strategy range | Listed securities you can access | Limited to the scheme mandate | High conviction listed strategies, ability to hold cash | Private markets, unlisted, credit, long-short, derivatives |
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| Liquidity | Immediate | Generally T+1, no lock-in for most equity schemes | Generally open-ended, subject to notice period and early-year exit load | Category I and II are close-ended with a 3-year statutory minimum, often 5–12 years in practice; Category III may be open-ended |
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| Transparency | Complete | Monthly portfolio disclosure, daily NAV | Holding-level visibility and individual statements | Periodic reporting; valuations of unlisted holdings are estimates |
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| Typical costs | Brokerage and statutory charges | Expense ratio, capped by SEBI | Fixed fee plus performance fee above a hurdle, with high-water mark | Management fee on committed capital plus carried interest above a hurdle |
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| Tax sits with | You, on every transaction | The scheme's own churn is not a taxable event for you | You, on every transaction the manager executes | Category I and II: largely passed through to you. Category III: generally settled by the fund |
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| Suits | Investors with the time, access and conviction to run their own book | Most investors, as a cost- and tax-efficient core | HNIs wanting a concentrated, separately-held portfolio with full visibility | Investors seeking exposure genuinely unavailable elsewhere, with capital they will not need back |
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